Paternalism and individualism Essay Example for Free

Paternalism and individualism Essay Paternalism is a Latin word, which is emanates from the Latin word â€Å"pater† meaning father. Therefore it refers to the patriarchy arrangement pattern that a is depicted in a family where there is figurehead who most times is the father who takes the sole responsibility of making decisions on behalf of others who includes the wife and children. The decisions are made by the figurehead for â€Å"the good† of the wife and children regardless of their desires. (Sartorius, R 145) The father head in this situation is regarded the wisest and the decision he makes is made to the best interest of the rest whom he assumes the role of protector. The term is normally applied in a derogatory way especially in political and social systems to imply that the system is characterized by the deprivation of other peoples’ individual freedoms and responsibility and serves the interest of that particular system without due regard to the individuals being governed. (Sartorius, R 153) By definition therefore paternalism is defined as â€Å"Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and justified by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm. †(Gerald Dworkin). Individualism as a term on the other hand is always used to describe independence of an individual. The individual in this case is at liberty to conduct his/her own life in a way that best suits him/her provided it does not interfere with someone else’s life. Individualism stresses the need for self-reliance and opposes any form of external interference whether by society the state or any governing authority. .†(Gerald Dworkin). Individualism in most cases is opposed to any form of communal, societal, group system that advocates for the prioritization of national goals instead of individual goals. Paternalism was very important to Britain in the 18th century when the Britain constitutional changed for two fundamental reasons. These was because the government thought it was its first responsibility to make sure that everyone was protected against the interests of the state. The community was to become the only way by which individuals would realize their potential and advance it. The labor party was formed to protect the citizens against anything that would frustrate their potential. Bill of rights was formed to protect the citizens from any abuse of power by any public institution that touches their lives. (Feinberg, J 47) Through paternalism implementation of freedom of information act was created to better communication between the government and the right for citizens to know what’s happening around the government. During the 18th century individual’s freedom had guaranteed them security, with the state giving them health care, education and their well being advanced when the state delivered entitlement for the individuals, but later the state and community became one thing and the individuals saw themselves less as passive beneficiaries of the benefits of the government. (Feinberg, J 49) Later the individuals had less freedom and were not recognized as part of the community. Paternalism brought together the citizens while the individuals always wanted the best for themselves. They always thought about themselves and not the society. (Gerald Dworkin) Paternalism was also important because it ensured the individual needs are protected against the state. It was everyone’s burden to ensure that the government’s responsibilities are accounted for. Socialists were recognized in the society and became watchdogs for the individuals who would become hostile to any change or kind of reform. Paternalism was very important as it provided healthcare, security and development of individuals. No matter how rich the individual were some problems always required the attention of the community. A common interest for all was always required and especially public interest for community not for individuals. Paternalism brought about concern for everyone even beyond the immediate family members and was always responsible for the society’s values. Paternalism in Britain, came into sharp focus during the period of the industrial revolution when individuals discarded the old agrarian ways and started adopting the urban culture where the â€Å"survival was for the fittest† (Sartorius, R 156)

History of Frogs :: essays papers

History of Frogs A Frog is a small, tail less animal that has bulging eyes. Almost all frogs have long back legs. The strong hind legs make the frog able to leap farther than the length of its body. Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but tropical regions have the greatest number of species. Frogs are classified as amphibians. Most amphibians, including most frogs, spend part of their life as a water animal and part as a land animal. Frogs are related to toads, but are different from them in a few ways. The giant frog of west-central Africa ranks as the largest frog. It measures nearly a foot (30 centimeters) long. The smallest species grow only 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) long. Frogs also differ in color. Most kinds are green or brown, but some have colorful markings. Although different species may vary in size or color, almost all frogs have the same basic body structure. They have large hind legs, short front legs, and a flat head and body with no neck. Adult frogs have no tail, though one North American species has a short, tail like structure. Most frogs have a sticky tongue attached to the front part of the mouth. They can rapidly flip out the tongue to capture prey. Frogs have such internal organs as a heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Some of the internal organs differ from those of higher animals. A frog's heart has three chambers instead of four. And although adult frogs breathe by means of lungs, they also breathe through their skin. The eggs of different species vary in size, color, and shape. A jelly like substance covers frog eggs, providing a protective coating. This jelly also differs from species to species. Some species of frogs lay several thousand eggs at a time. But only a few of these eggs develop into adult frogs. Ducks, fish, insects, and other water creatures eat many of the eggs. Even if the eggs hatch, the tadpoles also face the danger of being eaten by larger water animals. The pond or stream in which the eggs were laid sometimes dries up. As a result, the tadpoles die. Certain tropical frogs lay their eggs in rain water that collects among the leaves of plants or in holes in trees. Other tropical species attach their eggs to the underside of leaves that grow over water.

Art History Nike of Samothrace

â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was sculpted in second century AD during the hellenistic culture. This 8ft high sculpture was found on an island called Samothrace, north of the Aegean, and though beautifully carved, the artist is not known. It was discovered at a sanctuary in a harbor that faced the predominate wind. It was as if the wind was blowing directly on the sculpture itself. The Nike was made to act like a figure head on the prow of a ship, and though it never really was on a ship, it was the bow of a stone ship in a temple like building.The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is greatly appreciated because of the strong force of motion, and realistic qualities, as well as its symbolic references to the Greek culture. The Greeks period has come a long way when we look at the way the Archaic/Egyptian period and Hellenistic period carved and shaped people. The Archaic and Egyptians sculpted people and clothes flat and simple. Their bodies did not twist very much and were pretty straight. The clothes on the people were basically just lines, or slits in the stone, and was not really realistic.Comparing this to the way the Hellenistic period carved their people, they used a lot of motion and movement. There people twisted in different directions as they would in real life, and their clothes were deeply carved and looked very real. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was carved out of marble, and accurately shows texture in the wings, and the folds in the cloth. The Greek culture had studied and celebrated the body and they used their knowledge to show expressive forces in their art. They used hammers and chisels to create beautiful, realistic flows on the stone, and made it look like it was actually moving.The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is a carving beautiful, voluptuous woman in a flowing dress with two large wings out stretched behind her. This statue had lost her head and arms, but is still recognizable as the Nike of victory. Her body movements and intricate detail of her tunic is very dramatic as she seems to walk gracefully in a storm. The Nike was to be on the prow of a ship in the ocean, and that is strongly seen by the movement of her dress. You can practically see the strong winds whipping around her body as her skirt is blown behind and around her.The drapery is very graceful and strong as it is pulled in the direction of her body and one can practically see the energy in her movements. Her body is grounded by her legs as she strides forward. Her abdomen twists slightly as if finding balance in the wind, and her wings are aloft behind her as if she just landed in from a fierce headwind. The sheer chiton that she is wearing clings to her body as if it is wet from a hefty sea spray, billowing in the wind. Her body is proportionate, and accurately depicts the perfect body scale of a Greek goddess.The texture in her wings, and the fabric of her garment are very life-like and pick up light in their deep groves to make it lo ok more dramatic. The artist shows how he is able to carve the female body, portray realistic cloth, and convey victory and power in this statue. It is believable and relatable to the average person because of the stance in the body and the way the a strong wind would really blow around your clothes. The Nike of Victory has been resembled before in Greek art. This goddess represented the victory over war and contests. Therefore, it was shown on Greek coins, temples, and other important objects.The Nike of Victory is seen again in the carving â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† on the Temple of Athena. This Winged Nike leans down to adjust her sandal as her chiton slid off her shoulder. Similarly to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† has large wings to balance her pose and decorative swirls of heavy pleated fabric that clings to her body. She appears to be delicate and light just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†. The Nike of V ictory is seen with wings, intricately carved fabric, and with the scale of the â€Å"perfect body† it shows divinity and creates something that would be desired.She also was the messenger that spreads the news of victory, and that is something that Greeks hold in high regards and were always trying to obtain. The dramatic feel to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† brings out fierce emotions and give the onlooker the sense of accomplishment and encouragement. It conveys many emotions as it stands tall and strong. It's formate of the â€Å"perfect female body† and the precise folds of the cloth in motion, relates almost exactly to the style of the three goddess on the Parthenon frieze.However, the three goddesses appear to have just woken up from a relaxing sleep. They are calm and quiet and reveal the restful attitude of mellow goddess on Mt. Olympus. When looking at them you feel serene and peaceful, getting the calm feel of life as a god. The â€Å"Nike of Samothr ace† is obviously very different in that aspect. This goddess is ready to go to war as her stance is fierce and ready for anything. The goddess is responding to energy and natural forces whereas the Parthenon frieze goddesses are tranquil, composed, and o not seem to be worrying about much at all. The Statue of â€Å"Laocoon† is a carving of Laocoon and his sons struggling against large sea serpents trying to destroy them. You can clearly see the force of motion being pulled in many different directions. With their legs pushing one way, and their arms pulling another, and then with his head cocked back, you can se the different directions his bare muscles are being strained. This statue is very dynamic and conveys an emotion of urgency and fight, just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† does.The way the Nike's body twists and is not flat and straight, is the same as the dramatic gesture in â€Å"Laocoon†. The Parthenon frieze, â€Å"Laocoon†, â€Å"Ni ke of Samothrace†, and even the â€Å"Nike Adjusting Her Sandal† all show the movement in a body as it would in real life. The way the fabric falls and the twist in the body make the statues feel and look more real and relatable. At this time in Greek culture respect for the gods was immense. They believed the gods were heroes and took sides to help out; obviously you would want to be in the gods favor.When carving the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the artist made her to show the people that the gods were on their side and that they would have victory over their war and conflicts. The Nike was in the same style as all the Greek goddesses would have been, with the ideal body shape, flowing robs, and for the Nike's, large wings. She was placed in a temple to show her importance and divinity and to represent the power that Samothrace wanted to convey. She was carved to look like a real goddess, to bring victory over their sea fair, and to relate to the Greek culture ju st by who she was and who she related too.

Analysis Of The Movie Amistad - 1380 Words

Amistad Historical Movie Review Graham Jackson LSTD-1153-101 Amistad Historical Movie Review Amistad is a film that provides a learning and historical experience about the horrific experiences of slaves in transport from Cuba. The movie fictionally provides a portrayal of events in 1839 that surround the successful revolt by a group of captured Africans headed to the Americas for slavery aboard a ship. The abducted Mende tribesmen stage a bloody revolt and take over control the ship (Osagie, 2003). This happens off the coast of Cuba. However, the Africans are tricked by the crew members into believing that they are sailing back to Africa, all the while moving along the U.S Eastern Seaboard. Two months into the journey, with little water and food, they get captured near Connecticut by a U.S Navy ship. Then an international legal battle begins that is final resolved in 1841 by the United States Supreme Court. The 154 minutes English movie was released on December 10, 1997, after a production budget cost of $36million by HBO Films. Its producers include Debbie Allen, Colin Wilson, and Steven Spielberg. Janusz Kaminski handled the cinematography while the music is by John Williams. The movie’s screenplay by David Franzoni is based on Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy, a 1987 book by historian Howard Jones. Steven Spielberg directs theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Amistad 960 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Amistad† was released in 1997 on the territory of the United States of America.The historical period, portrayed in the film, is the year of 1839. It was the year when a terrible rebellion took place on board the Spanish ship La Amistad, which transported slaves. It was the time when the slavery was abolished in the North and the South of the United States of America was discontented for they severely needed slaves to work for them. American courts still decide whether the black person is free accordingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Amistad By Steven Spielberg And Howard Jones Book, Mutiny On The Amistad Essay1972 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Amistad† movie is d irected by Steven Spielberg and Howard Jones’ book â€Å"Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law and Diplomacy† are historical accounts of the slave mutiny that occurred in the year 1839. The incident happened when the slaves at sea, aboard on La Amistad. Spielberg’s movie depicts the incident in visual word, whereas Jones’ has written the book and depicted the entire incident by using words. Both mediums capture the case that hadRead MoreHistorical Analysis Of The Amistad1907 Words   |  8 PagesHall Mr. Cowart HIST 2213 15 October 2017 Historical Analysis of The Amistad Rain batters on the glistening shoulders of an unidentified man struggling to excavate an unknown object with his bare, bloody fingertips. He finally reaches his goal, pulling out a nail; his face has a brief flash of relief and then turns to determination as he uses the nail to undo his shackles, beginning a journey of unbelievable and saddening proportions. The Amistad, directed by Steven Spielberg, is a dramatic story

The Effects of Heroin Addiction - 770 Words

Heroin is illegal and highly addictive. (Dupont, 1997). It remains as the most common drug among drug, among all the opiates (Lalander, 2003). The opiate is made from morphine. Morphine occurs naturally in seed pops of various poppy plants. In most cases, it is sold as a brown or black sticky powder. Currently, purer forms of heroin are becoming more common in the streets today (Research Council of Norway, 2013). Many heroin addicts usually inject or smoke it. On average, a heroin addict may inject three or four times in a day. The intravenous injection has been associated with the greatest intensity by heroin users. It is associated with an immense rapid onset of euphoria. When smoked or even puffed, peak effects are experienced after ten to fifteen minutes. Smoking or even puffing, does not produce a rush effect (Research Council of Norway, 2013) The United States survey on drug abuse has identified that, 2.4 million People in the country, had used heroin at a point in their lives (Research Council of Norway, 2013). 130, 000 of them, reported that they had used the substance a month before the survey. The report estimates that, in the year 2012, there were around eighty one new users’ of heroin in the United States. A large proportion of the users, were smoking or snorting heroin (Research Council of Norway, 2013). Eighty seven percent of the users are under the age of twenty one years. The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) collects information about drug relatedShow MoreRelatedHeroin Addiction and Its Effects698 Words   |  3 PagesHeroin By paul brady INDEX * INTRODUCTION * HEROIN * WHAT ARE ITS SHORT-TERM EFFECTS? * WHAT ARE ITS LONG-TERM EFFECTS? * CONCLUSION * BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION The aim of this assignment is to explain about the drug Heroin, its addiction, describing its short and long term effects. Which are illustrated in diagrams below and to give a better understanding of the drug. This topic of discussion has taken an interest as Heroin addiction is on theRead MoreHeroin Addiction And Its Effects On Today s Society1302 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"devil’s drug†, heroin in today’s society holds responsibility as one of the top killers next to murder, suicide, and car accidents. From 2002 to 2013, the number of deaths by heroin has quadrupled. In 2007, approximately 2,000 lives were taking by heroin, and these numbers increased to 8,000 by 2013. Heroin has affected thousands of people lives and killed many at an alarming rate; it now holds a spot as an epidemic in the United States. In a poem by an anonymous author, the effects of heroin are describedRead MoreThe Center Of Disease Control And Prevention States, â€Å"From1619 Words   |  7 Pagesstates, â€Å"from 2014 to 2015, heroin overdose death rates increased by 20.6%, with nearly 13,000 people dying in 2015.† Overdosing on opioids has drastically increased over the past few years and has caused many deaths. Throughout the United States, many different cases are reported of individuals who have abused these dangerous opioid drugs. Heroin is known as one of the most common opioid drugs which leads people to addiction and can consequently lead to overdosing. Using heroin on a daily base or takingRead MoreHeroin Addiction And Recovery Of Heroin1436 Words   |  6 PagesHeroin Facts About Heroin Addiction and Recovery Heroin addiction kills thousands of people across the United States each year. It was initially viewed as a low-income, inner city problem, but now has spread to Caucasian, suburban communities along with all other neighborhoods and demographics. Heroin addiction can affect anyone, and it is important for all people to understand the facts. What is Heroin? Heroin, originally developed by the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company as a cough suppressant inRead MoreHeroin Addiction : The United States1743 Words   |  7 PagesHeroin Addiction in the United States Overview of Heroin Addiction in the U.S. Heroin addiction is one of the leading killers of adolescents and adults in the United States. In recent years, addiction has skyrocketed, and â€Å"the rate of heroin-related overdose deaths increased by 286 percent between 2002 and 2013.† In 2002, â€Å"100 people per 100,000 were addicted to heroin, and that number has doubled by 2013† (The National Institute on Drug Abuse 2013). The most affected populations include low incomeRead Morenegative impact of drugs1264 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Negative effects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Negative effects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and prescription pain relievers encompass negative effects on users and his or her family members physically and mentally, however there are various treatment options for the drug or drugs abused. In 2003, 7.1% of Americans aged 12 or older were classified as current substance abusers. Statistically significant increasesRead MoreFighting The War On Heroin1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe War on Heroin Drug addiction is one of the many problems that is prevalent world-wide. An even bigger uphill battle that comes with drug addiction is the ethics behind rehabilitation and treatment. Heroin is one of the most controversial illicit drugs in regards to its use and its treatment. Treatments such as methadone maintenance, LAAM(Levomethadyl acetate) and naltrexone have definitely raised questions in terms of their effectiveness in combatting heroin/opiate addiction. This essayRead MorePain Killers Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesPainkillers Seen as a Gateway to Heroin† article illustrates the possibility that opiate prescriptions open the door to addictions such as heroin. Summary: The article starts with the role prescription opiates might play in encouraging patients to become a heroine addict. Last week Philip Seymour Hoffman died at 46 of an heroin overdose. His heroin addiction ended 20 years ago and as years passed he struggled with a habit involving painkillers. The heroin addict pre-1990s used heroin and experienced withdrawalRead MoreHeroin As A Drug Free World1632 Words   |  7 PagesIt is estimated that 9.2 million people in the world currently are addicted to heroin. In 2007, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health reported 153,000 current heroin users in the United States. (Foundation for a Drug-Free World, 2017). Diacetylmorphine, more commonly known as heroin, was developed in 1874 when an English scientist, C.R. Alder Wright from St. Mary’s Hospital in London, attached two acetyl groups to morphine. This change was so significant because it made a product that wasRead MoreIllegal Drug Addiction : Effects On The Body1538 Words    |  7 PagesIllegal Drug Addiction the effects on the body How do people become addicted to illegal drugs? Here’s how: Put aside the fact that it’s an illegal drug for a few minutes and let’s focus on the chemistry side of things. The moment when a person takes that first snort, puff, and shot trillions of potent chemical molecules surges through one’s bloodstream and gets into a person’s brain cells. Once in the brain they set off a cascade of chemicals and electrical nerves inside the brain, which increases

The Identity Is Essential For Identity Essay - 1757 Words

In individuals’ whole life, they keep thinking about their identities. Questions like what the identity means to them, how to perform their identity, does the identity is important to them, and how social mainstream values their identity, is essential for them to have a precise personal image of themselves. A part of individuals’ identity comes from heredity and ethnics, while a part of identity is formed through influence from parents and peers, personal choice, and life experiences. Although others tend to know a person by physical appearance, culture background, professional life, and personality which have apparently social meaning, individuals learn about themselves by combining their beliefs, personal preference, and life trajectory with self and culture definition of their identity. Solomon in his essay â€Å"Son†, describes his personal experience of being gay that contains his mother’s disagreement, his own hesitance to keep homosexuality, his tea chers’ supports, and different social attitudes to homosexuality. His attention and thoughts are concentrated on social acceptance and social values on his identity. Differently, in â€Å"The Mind’s Eye†, Sacks takes several examples of blind people to show how they deal with their blindness by making use of personal strengths to sense the outside world. Their mental image not only shows their understanding of their perception but also expresses their personalities and interests. Both authors argue about how personal thoughts andShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As An Essential Merit Of Identity1740 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica. I saw that the film subtly skewers many aspects of life today such as consumerism, morality, organized religion, pop culture; and the focus of this essay; the portrayal of masculinity. In Fight Club, masculinity is portrayed as an essential merit of identity, absent in the average postmodern American male due to the consumerist nature of soci ety. Consequently, the film portrays this loss of masculinity as something that can only be remedied through violence, which to a certain point leads toRead MoreMulticulturalism Is An Essential Symbol Of The Canadian Heritage And Identity Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesMulticulturalism: As it is considered that Canada’s officials policy of multiculturalism inspires a diversity of religions as part of the diversity of cultures. The multiculturalism Act 1988 proclaims that â€Å"Multiculturalism is an essential symbol of the Canadian heritage and identity.† The government and the public school system always give effort to promote the sense of multiculturalism. The ideals of the multiculturalism are helping the minorities to breathe their faiths and beliefs through practicesRead MoreLife738 Words   |  3 PagesAlexandria Armenta * Literature is counterbalanced. * Identity is essential. * Affectation becomes desirable. I chose the theme â€Å"Literature is counterbalanced† because the passion and appreciation the narrator has for literature is counterbalanced by bitter disappointment. I chose literature as the first word because literature is the one of the main focuses of the story and it is the reason why this competition of winning a chance with a writer is brought up. I also chose counterbalancedRead MoreA Body And Mind Dichotomy, Or Cartesian Daulism1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdenunciation. This is to say that there is no way to invalidate one’s thoughts, or one’s mind. The moment a stated declaration of one’s identity is made, aside from finding inconsistencies with their statements, their testimony as to their identity stands. This means that innateness is one’s thoughts, feelings, and desires, and thus, identity. And as such this identity is only discernable by expression thereof. In other words, the only way to know what one’s innateness entails is to attend to their expressionsRead MoreThe Use Of Dualism With The Mind Body Problem Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of dualism with the Mind-Body problem. Topic: John Locke is very keen on personal identity. He believes that consciousness creates personal identity. The body isn’t essential, so when a person’s soul fleets to a different body, they are still the same person because their consciousness thrives: â€Å"Personal Identity is wherever the consciousness is† (John Locke’s pdf). In order to understand personal identity, he first identifies the concept of a person. A person comprises of a consciousness withRead MoreThe Naked Citadel By Cathy Davidson1554 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity is formed by the influence of various physical and psychological experiences that occurs throughout an individual’s life and reforms their identity. One’s identity is not made through a single event alone but through a series of events that changes it. Moreover, some events are more influential and powerful in the shaping of one s identity. Identity, as defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"The qualities, beliefs, etc., that make a particular person or group different from others†Read MoreIn â€Å"War and the State in Africa,† Jeffrey Herbst states that 1491 Words   |  6 PagesThird World, will be able to find peaceful ways to strengthen the state and develop national identities. Do you agree with Herbsts argument? Why? 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However in opposition to Locke’s theory, the second position that considers us as ‘human beings’ will also be assessed, as advocated by animalists such as Olson. In response to this examples of cases such as amnesi a will also be taken into consideration

The Art of Rock and Roll by Charles Brown free essay sample

T. Brown basically proposes methods for analyzing music and anyone who reads the books should be able to develop techniques for listening to music and making legitimate statements about It. It treats rock and roll as a serious art form and traces it cultural roots throughout the book. Chapter one discusses the elements of rock and makes four assumptions. Assumption one states that rock Is a legitimate art form. An art form Is defined as a creative act that springs from the artists experience as It reflects or reacts against society. It then states that acculturation, a process by which a certain people are influenced by a foreign culture, changed the Afro- Americans from their original culture to one that was a mixture of U. S. Influences and African roots which played a large part In the way rock and roll sounds today. Brown proves rock Is a legitimate art form by talking about its audience and its lasting power. Assumption two states that rocks roots are in folk, Jazz, and pop music. Musicians who first started rock and roll must have had something to base their music on which turned out to be primarily folk, Jazz, and pop.They simple changed the pattern and style of that music and started forming rock. Assumption three states that it is just as valid to study rock and roll as European classical music. Rock will prove to be a valid means of producing competent musicians and that It demands the same type of performance as In any musical form, Since It Is a valid way In which to study music In general It Is just as valid to start with rock as starting anywhere else. Assumption four states that simple musical analysis of selected compositions is a primary tool for understanding musical evolution.Through musical analysis we are able to generalize and say that rock from a certain era has common characteristics. By doing this we are able to see what influences lead rock to where it is today. The chapter then goes on to discuss the elements of music which are nonverbal communication, melody, rhythm, harmony, lyrics, and performance. Music is nonverbal In that It communicates through organized sound and Is difficult to translate, the other elements are what make the sound organized and mea ningful. Melody is an organized set of notes consisting of different pitches.It is basically the up and down motion of the lead singer. Rhythm is those beat of patterns that underlie most forms of communications. It Is made up of pulsations that follow a consistent pattern. It will sometimes show us the emotional feel of a song. Harmony is the simultaneous sounding of two or more notes at the same time. It provides a texture for the total song. Lyrics are the words used in the song and usually tell us what the song and mood of the song Is about. Performance tells us the purpose, function, and impact of a certain song.Music generally reflects the value of society. By using the elements of music you took on an attitude of rebellion and eventually became a symbol of independence for outs Chapter two discusses the listening skill needed to better understand music. Through listening we can define the social impact of a rock group and its musical style. This purpose of this chapter is to outline ways in which the individual can create his or her own system of analysis. The chapter then goes on describing what you need to do while listening to music to better analyze it. First you need concentration, you need to change your attitude towards the music you hear everyday and block out any interference, we must treat it seriously and analyze it fairly even if we we dont like it. Then you need to dissect what your hearing. You have to decide what to use for a reference point and listen to the song more than once. Your first time listening to it you should get general idea of what the song is like, what its about, and what it has. After that you add more information by listening to each part of the music individually.Lyrics are the easiest to analyze. You must write all the lyrics down and figure out if there is a verse structure. The chapter then goes into the different types of Melody. First there is the Soprano- lead melody. The lead melody is sometimes called the soprano melody which means the highest melody. Then there is the bass melody, which is normally played by an instrument rather then sung. It is halfway between melody and rhythm, or beat. It is usually low sounding, repetitive and continuous.It is the foundation for the instrumental ensemble. Instruments are another part of melody. It is the instruments that give rock and roll its character and beat. The drums provide the beat, the guitars provide continuous rhythm, and the bass guitar plays the bass melody. When analyzing you must also recognize the Rhythm and Harmony. They both determine the complexity of the composition and we must become aware f changes in rhythm or harmony because they indicate changes in the song. Chapter three discusses the sources of Rock.Slave music was important because when they were brought to the United states they also brought with them their music which was blues and later on early Jazz. Acculturation began as soon as their were American-born slaves. They would sing work songs which were basically chants which later on formed to become blues. As blues developed so did early forms of Jazz. One of these forms was the cakewalk was the cakewalk which was a danced step used to make fun of how stiff the white man walked and later on became the iris truly Afro-American dance step.Another form was Ragtime which was a piano style which has four main themes. Then came along other piano styles such as stride, Dixieland, and the boogie-woozier which was the first obvious influence for rock and roll. In the sasss blues took on a different character because of changes in society, black musicians developed big bands and blues singers continued to have great importance which eventually fostered rhythm and blues. Rock and roll started to develop in the last part of the sasss mainly because of the start of the removal of the lour line between musicians. Chapter four discusses early rock.They started to somewhat define the rock category by saying that rock uses certain rhythmic devices, its lyrics and Jargon came use a blues progression, and the basic style of performance is continuous shouting by the singer and continuous playing by the instrumentalists. There were different types of songs that started to show the development of rock. Shouting, songs in which lyrics were shouted over the band background, was a predominant style of early rock and the foundation for the careers of famous rock musicians. Ballad singing is also an important part of early rock and roll, it is a big band tune from rhythm and blues tradition.Then there was novelties , which were a third kind of rock song. It was a song with some gimmick that makes it catchy. During the sasss most Americans felt secure, we started to see ourselves as a world power. We were involved in the cold war and blacks had started their movements. Because of the cultural situation rock and roll became a focal point for rebellion. The marketing techniques were very primitive, but started to turn rock and roll into a multimillion dollar business. Chapter five discusses Bill Haley and the Comets and how they set a model for rock and roll.There is not much to be said about this chapter because Haley wasnt a great musician and others would come after him and do a better Job at music then he did, but he was essentially one of the first groups to use the elements of music just right to be labeled a rock and roll musician. Chapter six talks about a person who was far more important in giving rock and roll its lasting power then Bill Haley and that person was Elvis Presley. Presley had Musical and personal qualities that far surpassed Haley. Presley opened up markets or other musicians and served as a symbol for the development of marketing techniques.He influenced a tremendous number of musicians. There were other musicians who came from Memphis and were labeled the Memphis Mafia. They produced a more marketable combination of records using ballads and novelties. Country was also influenced by this wave of new rock musicians and created the Nashville sound. Some rockabilly musicians include Johnny Cash, who was more influential in folk music as he developed his style, Buddy Holly, who could have contributed to rock Just as much as Presley did if he had lived anger, Jerry Lee Lewis, who was one of the first rock and roll piano players, and Carl Perkins.Chapter seven talks about the broadening of the music style and the performers who came out of this period. During this time, sasss, rock had become legitimated as a category all on its own. By this time there were four different types of rock and roll: Rhythm and Blues/shouting, crooning, specialty songs, and novelty/monster songs. Free acculturation also came into play around this time. Ray Charles is the musician who legitimated this position. Arbitration of rock and roll from rural to urban blues led to the circumstances n which rock and roll could be marketed. Rock and Roll began as a rough form of music. Became urban blues form, and then eventually took in other forms in order to expand its market. Ballads became significant in the sasss because they expanded the listening audience and in turn gained acceptance by the public. The first ballads predate the invention of the term rock an roll. Chapter eight focuses on soul/midtown music. This music had great influence messages and new means to communicate. Rock around this time relied heavily on the rhythm section because the style was vocally dominated. Also around this timeMemphis played a more important part because it became a center for studio recording. Because of the popularity of gospel and soul along with rhythm and blues, billboard combined the categories into one called soul. Midtown was formed by dope groups and did fairly well. Sixty-seven percent of the singles that came out of midtown music hit the top of the charts. Chapter nine talks about one of the greatest influences on Rock and Roll which were the Battles. Their musical style is defined in three periods which are early battle, 1962-1964, middle battles,1965-1966, and late battles 1967- 1969.The early battles had the following characteristics: Simple lyrics, Simple background accompaniment, Rock sound from the sasss, Simple drumbeat and rhythmic patters, Simple bass lines, and domination by lead singer or unison singing. In their early era they Just sang songs for that had little or no meaning and did not have any relationship with each other. The rhythmic patterns were simple with little riff orientation. The Middle battles had different style of singing which can be characterized as poetically more complex lyrics, Symbolic lyrics, More creative music,Universal point of view, sometimes critical words, growing dissension among group members, more guitar oriented and less percussive, folklore, more complicated guitar sounds and electronics, more subjects in musical lyrics, and better background accompaniment. The battles came into their own during this period. The technical era was more complex. The albums began to show some continuity and there was logic in which the way the songs were placed. The late battles music can be characterized by electronic music, studio music, technically precise music, mystical allusions, and total communication. The music during this time was both diverse and homogeneous. They were able to make each song and each album tie into each other successfully. The musical style was interwoven with the message of the singing. Chapter ten talks about California and what it gave to rock and roll. California was seen as a kind of utopia around the sasss so people wanted to go there, especially southern California. They were really into surfing music, which created such groups as The Beach Boys, and some were more into insuring groups, which were such groups as The Doors.Both of these major groups came out of California around this mime. In northern California, cities such as San Francisco developed themselves as the center of movement, and musically, folk music turned into a particular kind of rock. The sound that it turned into can be defined as acid rock or psychedelic rock, which means that it is associated with LSI, or acid. It became associated with very loud music and use of electronic amplification. This new development was important to rock because it united rocks identification with rebellion, something it had lost for a while.Chapter eleven discusses Folk-rock and how it came about. Folk music is usually fined as the music of the people, it usually expresses the feelings of one particular area or group. It has many different aspects. Rock, Jazz, country, and other musical textures were added experimentally, leading to fusion. Bob Dylan is a musician who played great folk music, he is responsible for raising the sophistication level of the shift in attitudes was partially caused by the technological explosion. Communications systems became much more sophisticated, and information was available instantly.From here on the book goes on to discuss the different forms of rock that came bout. Chapter twelve focuses towards English Rock. English rock has a distinctive sound for several reasons: Depending on their upbringing, the musicians sing with a distinctive accent; There is a slight influence of skiffs in the beginning stages of music from the sasss; The technology of the amplified sound is different in that the amplifiers are set to amplify the harmonic spectrum differently; Musical symbolism tends to be different and draws from the literary tradition of Europe; The blending of voices tends to be less emotional.Th ree groups who popularized English rock in America after the Battles were The Rolling Stones, The Who, and Elton John. They capitalized on the attitudes of the times which were sometimes tasteless and inimitableness. The Rolling Stones and The Who eventually have an impact on punk and new wave. Elton John proves the lasting impact of a pianist and a vocalist. Chapter thirteen goes onto art and eclectic rock. Art rock is a term that defines music that either has higher pretensions than standard rock or imitates another style that has been recognized as art.Eclectic rock is a term applied to anything considered to be unusual. The chapter presents a mixture of styles tied together by the experimental quality of the music All of it was generally a fusion of rock and roll with western or monoester art music. Some musicians that represent this period are The Kinks, Frank Kappa, and Rush Just to name a few. Chapter fourteen moves on to Country rock. It is analogous to rock music after the middle Battles period in that it uses elements of different kinds of music.Country rock is a combination of pop, folk, Jazz, rock, and country music. Country rock has a a few distinct elements. A band normally uses heavy amplification of the guitar instruments, the lyrics are most uncharacteristic of straight country music, and the musicians look different from traditional country musicians. One of the most important characteristics of country rock was the emergence of the songwriter as the narrator and the expression of southern pride. Some bands that represent country rock are Alabama, Charlie Daniels Band, the Eagles, the Grateful Dead, and Lanyard Snyder. Chapter fifteen moves onto Jazz-rock, funk, and disco. Because there were many attitudes at the same time in the sasss, the idea of art forms merging into something called fusion makes sense. The fusion music of the asss has had an enormous commercial impact, and all three types of music were financially successful. All three movements have strong Jazz roots.Jazz-rock had some significance, it had some very competent musicians and began to make contributions to the rock technique, rock became more complicated as a result, the commercial value of rock was made broader, many electronic devices became commonplace in both Jazz and rock, and jazz influences began to further legitimate rock as a serious form of communication. Funk is a way of defining the music as having various sexual and social meanings. Funk evolved from soul and became a way of life within the black community. Funk can be aggressive and its musical structure combines both softness and harshness. S simply good-time music that is optimistic and without social comment. Chapter sixteen talks about the emergence of heavy metal. Heavy Metal is commonly described as being loud music. The elements of heavy metal consist of heavy use of electronic devices, high volume, a thick cluttered sound where all musical elements combine to establish the sense of power, and a sound mix where the vocals are buried within the texture. Classical metal was a period in which there was a definitive split between British and American styles occurred and it was at this time that heavy metal became a separate style of rock and roll. Mainstream metal is a style that is fully developed, evolves into equal strength in all instruments and vocal aspects of the band unit, and settles into a very acceptable level of musical competence. Heavy metal became more mainstream in the sasss. The terms Thrash/Speed/Death came later on in the heavy metal period. Thrash was heavy metal instrumental style with neo-punk lyrics. Speed metal is the evolution of mainstream American heavy metal, incorporating long melodic phrases and fast tempos. Death metal is a particular style which is defined by its lyrics with words like death, hell, blood, etc.Chapter seventeen moves onto punk, new wave, and alternative music. Punk is a term applied to a child or teenager who acts in a antisocial way. Punk was a form of rebellion, it turned against all other musical forms of the sasss. It is considered the third rock evolution following the formation of rock and roll and the Battles. The music was as much cultural as it was musical. It was anarchic, against society, and against everything in the established order. New wave refers to new music, sometimes meaning contemporary music.New wave was generally the philosophy of life that manifested itself in certain kinds of music. Alternative music is music that represents another option to what is already commercially viable or has been classified. Alternative groups have a short term following because they either become more mainstream or get other Jobs. It has little lasting impact on rock and roll, but occasionally will have real impact. Chapter eighteen is the final chapter and discusses Techno-funk/pop, Rap, MET, Dance music, and the future. Techno-funk was the standard way of defining what was happening.The technology of the time created the means to market rock which was through videotapes. Techno-funk/pop was more dominant in 1985 than any other time. Rap is a form of music that features a strong rhythm section, with the slap bass so important to funk, soul, and reggae. The rapper tells his message in a punctuated style. Other aspects of rap that are important are the scratching style, dance steps, mouth beat box, and breaking. Pop rock was generally called dance music. In terms of attitude it represents a growing commercial period in rock.MET ad an impact on the relative success of the various kinds of music as well as the buying habits of younger viewers. Charge T. Brown concludes the book by stating the basic premises he established throughout the book which are the following: 1 . Rock is a legitimate are form, with its own technique and its own complexity. 2. Like any art form, it has its highs and lows. 3. We can trace cycles in rock, which seem to correlate with social views. 4. Rock has had a major influence on society and other art forms. 5. Although it began as a way for youth to rebel against their parents, rock in now a generations all over the world.